int select(int nfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds, fd_set *exceptfds, struct timeval *utimeout);
int pselect(int nfds, fd_set *readfds, fd_set *writefds, fd_set *exceptfds, const struct timespec *ntimeout, sigset_t *sigmask);
FD_CLR(int fd, fd_set *set);
FD_ISSET(int fd, fd_set *set);
FD_SET(int fd, fd_set *set);
FD_ZERO(fd_set *set);
select() (or pselect()) is the pivot function of most C programs that handle more than one simultaneous file descriptor (or socket handle) in an efficient manner. Its principal arguments are three arrays of file descriptors: readfds, writefds, and exceptfds. The way that select() is usually used is to block while waiting for a "change of status" on one or more of the file descriptors. A "change of status" is when more characters become available from the file descriptor, or when space becomes available within the kernel’s internal buffers for more to be written to the file descriptor, or when a file descriptor goes into error (in the case of a socket or pipe this is when the other end of the connection is closed).
In summary, select() just watches multiple file descriptors, and is the standard Unix call to do so.
The arrays of file descriptors are called file descriptor sets. Each set is declared as typefd_set, and its contents can be altered with the macros FD_CLR(), FD_ISSET(),FD_SET(), and FD_ZERO(). FD_ZERO() is usually the first function to be used on a newly declared set. Thereafter, the individual file descriptors that you are interested in can be added one by one with FD_SET(). select() modifies the contents of the sets according to the rules described below; after calling select() you can test if your file descriptor is still present in the set with the FD_ISSET() macro. FD_ISSET() returns non-zero if the descriptor is present and zero if it is not. FD_CLR() removes a file descriptor from the set.
| 標(biāo)簽 | 描述 | |
|---|---|---|
| readfds | ||
| This set is watched to see if data is available for reading from any of its file descriptors. After select() has returned, readfds will be cleared of all file descriptors except for those file descriptors that are immediately available for reading with a recv() (for sockets) or read() (for pipes, files, and sockets) call. | ||
| writefds | ||
| This set is watched to see if there is space to write data to any of its file descriptors. After select() has returned, writefds will be cleared of all file descriptors except for those file descriptors that are immediately available for writing with a send() (for sockets) or write() (for pipes, files, and sockets) call. | ||
| exceptfds | ||
| This set is watched for exceptions or errors on any of the file descriptors. However, that is actually just a rumor. How you useexceptfds is to watch for out-of-band (OOB) data. OOB data is data sent on a socket using the MSG_OOB flag, and henceexceptfds only really applies to sockets. See recv(2) and send(2) about this. After select() has returned, exceptfds will be cleared of all file descriptors except for those descriptors that are available for reading OOB data. You can only ever read one byte of OOB data though (which is done with recv()), and writing OOB data (done with send()) can be done at any time and will not block. Hence there is no need for a fourth set to check if a socket is available for writing OOB data. | ||
| nfds | This is an integer one more than the maximum of any file descriptor in any of the sets. In other words, while you are busy adding file descriptors to your sets, you must calculate the maximum integer value of all of them, then increment this value by one, and then pass this as nfds to select(). | |
| utimeout | ||
|
This is the longest time select() must wait before returning, even if nothing interesting happened. If this value is passed as NULL, then select() blocks indefinitely waiting for an event.utimeout can be set to zero seconds, which causes select() to return immediately. The structure struct timeval is defined as,
|
||
| ntimeout | ||
This argument has the same meaning as utimeout but struct timespec has nanosecond precision as follows,
|
||
| sigmask | ||
| This argument holds a set of signals to allow while performing apselect() call (see sigaddset(3) and sigprocmask(2)). It can be passed as NULL, in which case it does not modify the set of allowed signals on entry and exit to the function. It will then behave just like select(). | ||
int child_events = 0;
void child_sig_handler (int x) {
child_events++;
signal (SIGCHLD, child_sig_handler);
}
int main (int argc, char **argv) {
sigset_t sigmask, orig_sigmask;
sigemptyset (&sigmask);
sigaddset (&sigmask, SIGCHLD);
sigprocmask (SIG_BLOCK, &sigmask,
&orig_sigmask);
signal (SIGCHLD, child_sig_handler);
for (;;) { /* main loop */
for (; child_events > 0; child_events--) {
/* do event work here */
}
r = pselect (nfds, &rd, &wr, &er, 0, &orig_sigmask);
/* main body of program */
}
}
|
A simple example of the use of select() can be found in the select(2) manual page.
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <errno.h>
static int forward_port;
#undef max
#define max(x,y) ((x) > (y) ? (x) : (y))
static int listen_socket (int listen_port) {
struct sockaddr_in a;
int s;
int yes;
if ((s = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0) {
perror ("socket");
return -1;
}
yes = 1;
if (setsockopt
(s, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR,
(char *) &yes, sizeof (yes)) < 0) {
perror ("setsockopt");
close (s);
return -1;
}
memset (&a, 0, sizeof (a));
a.sin_port = htons (listen_port);
a.sin_family = AF_INET;
if (bind
(s, (struct sockaddr *) &a, sizeof (a)) < 0) {
perror ("bind");
close (s);
return -1;
}
printf ("accepting connections on port %d\n",
(int) listen_port);
listen (s, 10);
return s;
}
static int connect_socket (int connect_port,
char *address) {
struct sockaddr_in a;
int s;
if ((s = socket (AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) < 0) {
perror ("socket");
close (s);
return -1;
}
memset (&a, 0, sizeof (a));
a.sin_port = htons (connect_port);
a.sin_family = AF_INET;
if (!inet_aton
(address,
(struct in_addr *) &a.sin_addr.s_addr)) {
perror ("bad IP address format");
close (s);
return -1;
}
if (connect
(s, (struct sockaddr *) &a,
sizeof (a)) < 0) {
perror ("connect()");
shutdown (s, SHUT_RDWR);
close (s);
return -1;
}
return s;
}
#define SHUT_FD1 { \
if (fd1 >= 0) { \
shutdown (fd1, SHUT_RDWR); \
close (fd1); \
fd1 = -1; \
} \
}
#define SHUT_FD2 { \
if (fd2 >= 0) { \
shutdown (fd2, SHUT_RDWR); \
close (fd2); \
fd2 = -1; \
} \
}
#define BUF_SIZE 1024
int main (int argc, char **argv) {
int h;
int fd1 = -1, fd2 = -1;
char buf1[BUF_SIZE], buf2[BUF_SIZE];
int buf1_avail, buf1_written;
int buf2_avail, buf2_written;
if (argc != 4) {
fprintf (stderr,
"Usage\n\tfwd \
\n");
exit (1);
}
signal (SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN);
forward_port = atoi (argv[2]);
h = listen_socket (atoi (argv[1]));
if (h < 0)
exit (1);
for (;;) {
int r, nfds = 0;
fd_set rd, wr, er;
FD_ZERO (&rd);
FD_ZERO (&wr);
FD_ZERO (&er);
FD_SET (h, &rd);
nfds = max (nfds, h);
if (fd1 > 0 && buf1_avail < BUF_SIZE) {
FD_SET (fd1, &rd);
nfds = max (nfds, fd1);
}
if (fd2 > 0 && buf2_avail < BUF_SIZE) {
FD_SET (fd2, &rd);
nfds = max (nfds, fd2);
}
if (fd1 > 0
&& buf2_avail - buf2_written > 0) {
FD_SET (fd1, &wr);
nfds = max (nfds, fd1);
}
if (fd2 > 0
&& buf1_avail - buf1_written > 0) {
FD_SET (fd2, &wr);
nfds = max (nfds, fd2);
}
if (fd1 > 0) {
FD_SET (fd1, &er);
nfds = max (nfds, fd1);
}
if (fd2 > 0) {
FD_SET (fd2, &er);
nfds = max (nfds, fd2);
}
r = select (nfds + 1, &rd, &wr, &er, NULL);
if (r == -1 && errno == EINTR)
continue;
if (r < 0) {
perror ("select()");
exit (1);
}
if (FD_ISSET (h, &rd)) {
unsigned int l;
struct sockaddr_in client_address;
memset (&client_address, 0, l =
sizeof (client_address));
r = accept (h, (struct sockaddr *)
&client_address, &l);
if (r < 0) {
perror ("accept()");
} else {
SHUT_FD1;
SHUT_FD2;
buf1_avail = buf1_written = 0;
buf2_avail = buf2_written = 0;
fd1 = r;
fd2 =
connect_socket (forward_port,
argv[3]);
if (fd2 < 0) {
SHUT_FD1;
} else
printf ("connect from %s\n",
inet_ntoa
(client_address.sin_addr));
}
}
/* NB: read oob data before normal reads */
if (fd1 > 0)
if (FD_ISSET (fd1, &er)) {
char c;
errno = 0;
r = recv (fd1, &c, 1, MSG_OOB);
if (r < 1) {
SHUT_FD1;
} else
send (fd2, &c, 1, MSG_OOB);
}
if (fd2 > 0)
if (FD_ISSET (fd2, &er)) {
char c;
errno = 0;
r = recv (fd2, &c, 1, MSG_OOB);
if (r < 1) {
SHUT_FD1;
} else
send (fd1, &c, 1, MSG_OOB);
}
if (fd1 > 0)
if (FD_ISSET (fd1, &rd)) {
r =
read (fd1, buf1 + buf1_avail,
BUF_SIZE - buf1_avail);
if (r < 1) {
SHUT_FD1;
} else
buf1_avail += r;
}
if (fd2 > 0)
if (FD_ISSET (fd2, &rd)) {
r =
read (fd2, buf2 + buf2_avail,
BUF_SIZE - buf2_avail);
if (r < 1) {
SHUT_FD2;
} else
buf2_avail += r;
}
if (fd1 > 0)
if (FD_ISSET (fd1, &wr)) {
r =
write (fd1,
buf2 + buf2_written,
buf2_avail -
buf2_written);
if (r < 1) {
SHUT_FD1;
} else
buf2_written += r;
}
if (fd2 > 0)
if (FD_ISSET (fd2, &wr)) {
r =
write (fd2,
buf1 + buf1_written,
buf1_avail -
buf1_written);
if (r < 1) {
SHUT_FD2;
} else
buf1_written += r;
}
/* check if write data has caught read data */
if (buf1_written == buf1_avail)
buf1_written = buf1_avail = 0;
if (buf2_written == buf2_avail)
buf2_written = buf2_avail = 0;
/* one side has closed the connection, keep
writing to the other side until empty */
if (fd1 < 0
&& buf1_avail - buf1_written == 0) {
SHUT_FD2;
}
if (fd2 < 0
&& buf2_avail - buf2_written == 0) {
SHUT_FD1;
}
}
return 0;
}
vetica, arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"> The above program properly forwards most kinds of TCP connections including OOB signal data transmitted by telnet servers. It handles the tricky problem of having data flow in both directions simultaneously. You might think it more efficient to use a fork() call and devote a thread to each stream. This becomes more tricky than you might suspect. Another idea is to set non-blocking I/O using an ioctl() call. This also has its problems because you end up having to have inefficient timeouts.
The program does not handle more than one simultaneous connection at a time, although it could easily be extended to do this with a linked list of buffers — one for each connection. At the moment, new connections cause the current connection to be dropped.
| 標(biāo)簽 | 描述 |
|---|---|
| 1. | You should always try to use select() without a timeout. Your program should have nothing to do if there is no data available. Code that depends on timeouts is not usually portable and is difficult to debug. |
| 2. |
The value nfds must be properly calculated for efficiency as explained a
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